本文发表在 rolia.net 枫下论坛先介绍一下大纲的结构。无论新旧结构相同。
大纲全称叫 The Ontario Curriculum (Grades 1-8) Health and Physical Education. 我用的旧版是２０１０修订本。新版是２０１５修订本。前言部分就不提了。具体到每个年级，大纲分ABC三部分。A：Active Living; B: Movemnet Competence: Skills, Concepts, And Strategies; C:Healthy Living. 新大纲增加的内容集中体现在C里。旧版在C后， 还有两部分：Overall Expections and Specific Expectations,就是学生到这个年级结束时，应达到什么要求，新大纲没有这两部分。
一二年级先忽略了，有时间再说。从三年级起。我翻译的，凑合看吧。有错就指出。
三年级新版增加的内容：
C:Healthy Living这一小节里，也分一二三。C１，旧版只有C1.1 and C1.2. 新版增C1.3 and C1.4
C1.3 identify the characteristics of healthy relationships (e.g., accepting differences, being inclusive, communicating openly, listening, showing mutual respect and caring, being honest) and describe ways of overcoming challenges (e.g., bullying, exclusion, peer pressure, abuse) in a relationship [IS]
确认健康的关系所具有的特征（举例：接纳差异，包容，开阔的交流；倾听；体现出相互尊重和关怀，诚实）和描述关系中要战胜的挑战（举例：欺辱，排外；同伴压力，虐待）［人际关系能力。IS 是Interpersonal Skills的缩写］
Teacher prompt: “Consider different types of relationships – with friends, siblings, par¬ents, other adults – and think about the kinds of behaviour that help to make those relationships healthier. What can you do if you are having problems with a relationship?”
老师提示：思考一下不同的关系类型－朋友关系，兄弟姐妹，父母，和其他成年人的关系 － 并考虑一下怎样做使得这些关系更健康。如果你在关系中出现问题，你该怎样做。
Student: “I can tell the person how I’m feeling, and we can try to work something out, or if we can’t solve the problem, we can just say we disagree. We could also try to get advice from someone else.”
学生：＂我可以告诉对方我的感受。我们可以共同解决问题。如果我们不能解决，我们可以说我们不同意。我们也可以向别人寻求建议。＂
C1.4 identify factors (e.g., sleep, food, physical activity, heredity, environment, support from a caring adult, sense of belonging, peer influence) that affect physical development (e.g., of hair, skin, teeth, body size and shape) and/or emotional development (e.g., of self-awareness, adaptive skills, social skills) [PS]
一些因素（举例：睡眠，食物，身体运动，家族遗传，环境，从照顾你的成人那里得到支持，归属感，同伴影响）是影响你生理发展的（举例：头发，皮肤，牙，高矮胖瘦和身形）并且／或者影响你的情绪发展的（举例：自我意识，接纳技巧，与人交往技巧）。［个人能力。Personal Skills］
Teacher prompt: “There are factors that affect your development that you can control and other factors that you cannot control. Can you give me examples of both types of factors?”
老师提示：＂有些影响你发展的因素是你能控制的，有些是你不能控制的。列举出几个能和不能控制的因素。＂
Student: “I can’t control my heredity, which affects my body size and shape. I can’t con¬trol my family situation, or my cultural background, or where I grow up. I can usually control how often I brush my teeth, what foods I choose to eat from those that are avail¬able, how I choose my friends, and some of the activities I do.”
学生：＂我不能控制我的家族遗传给我的东西，这些因素影响我的身体尺寸和身形。我不能控制我的家庭状况，文化背景，我在哪里长大。我通常能控制的是我刷多少次牙，提供给我的食物我可以选择吃哪些，我怎么选朋友，还能选择一些喜欢的运动。＂
Teacher: “Having a sense of belonging, of being accepted and understood, is important for emotional development. How can you show acceptance or understanding of students who may be different in some way – in shape and size, ability, background, family, or the way they do things – from others around them?”
老师提示：＂归属感，被接纳被理解，这些感觉对情绪发展很重要。你怎样表达你对那些与你有差异的同学的接纳和理解，那些和你有不同身形，能力，背景，家庭出身，或者是做事方式与你有所不同的。＂
Student: “I can stand up for someone who is being teased because they are different. I could try to learn more about people who do things differently than I do – such as learning about how some people who are deaf can talk using their hands, how some people with physical disabilities move with a wheelchair, or what someone who has a different religion from mine believes in.”
学生：＂对于那些因为差异而被打趣的人，我应表示支持。我可以去了解更多的与我不同的人，他们的做事方式－比如了解聋哑人用手势交流，残疾人用轮椅，还有那些与我有不同信仰的人。＂
C3. 标题叫Making Connections for Healthy Living
旧版和新版都有C３.1 and C3.2, 新版增加C3.3 - Human Development and Sexual Health:
C3.3 describe how visible differences (e.g., skin, hair, and eye colour, facial features, body size and shape, physical aids or different physical abilities, clothing, possessions) and invisible differences (e.g., learning abilities, skills and talents, personal or cultural values and beliefs, gender identity, sexual orientation, family background, personal preferences, allergies and sensitivities) make each person unique, and identify ways of showing respect for differences in others [PS, IS]
说明那些看的出来的差异（头发，皮肤，眼睛颜色，脸部特征，身形，身体能力，衣着，财富）和看不见的差异（学习能力，技巧天赋，个人和文化价值信仰，性别确认，性取向，家庭背景，个人喜好，过敏和敏感性）是怎样使得一个人独一无二的。怎样表达你对差异的尊重。［个人能力，人际关系能力］
Teacher prompt: “Sometimes we are different in ways you can see. Sometimes we are different in ways you cannot see – such as how we learn, what we think, and what we are able to do. Give me some examples of things that make each person unique.”
老师提示：＂有时候，我们能看到差异，有时候看不到－比如我们怎样学东西，我们在想什么，我们能做什么。举出那些使得一个人独特的因素。＂
Student: “We all come from different families. Some students live with two parents. Some live with one parent. Some have two mothers or two fathers. Some live with grand¬parents or with caregivers. We may come from different cultures. We also have different talents and abilities and different things that we find difficult to do.”
学生：＂我们都来自不同的家庭。有些同学和父母双亲一起生活。有些只和单亲生活。有些同学有两个母亲或者两个父亲。有些和祖父母或者照顾者生活。我们可能来自不同的文化。我们还拥有不同的天赋和能力，还有一些差异令我们感到做事很困难。＂
Teacher: “How can you be a role model and show respect for differences in other people?”
Student: “I can include others in what I am doing, invite them to join a group, be willing to be a partner with anyone for an activity, and be willing to learn about others.”
老师：＂你怎么能够成为尊重差异的模范。＂
学生：＂在我做事情时让他们参与，邀请他们加入我的组，运动中愿意与别人成为同伴，愿意向他们学习。＂
三年级结束。
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四年级增加部分：
C1.5
describe the physical changes that occur in males and females at puberty (e.g., growth of body hair, breast development, changes in voice and body size, production of body odour, skin changes) and the emotional and social impacts that may result from these changes [PS]
描述男性和女性发育时的生理变化（举例：体毛的出现，胸部发育，声音变化，身体尺寸，体味形成，皮肤变化）还有因这些改变而带来的情绪上和社会性影响。［个人能力］
Teacher prompt: “During puberty, the male and female bodies undergo many changes. Everyone experiences these changes at different rates and at different times. Increases in weight and body fat are normal. Sometimes it is difficult getting used to the changes that are happening so quickly. Feelings can be much more intense. What are some of the feel¬ings you might have as you start to experience changes with puberty?”
老师：＂发育期，男性和女性的身体出现很多变化。每个人经历这些变化的时间和速度都不一样。体重和脂肪的增加是正常的。如果这些变化来的特别快，有些时候是不那么容易接受的。可能出现强烈的感受。列举出一些由于发育而产生的感受。＂
Student: “Excitement, happiness, embarrassment, confusion, and fear are some of the feelings I might have. It is sometimes hard to recognize what I am feeling and why things feel different.”
学生：＂兴奋，快乐，窘迫，困惑，恐惧。有时我会很难辨别我的感受，因何感到茫然。＂
Teacher prompt: “What can change socially as you start to develop physically?”
＂生理发育带来哪些社交改变。＂
Student: “Relationships with friends can change, because sometimes people start being interested in different things at different times. Some people start ‘liking’ others. They want to be more than ‘just friends’ and become interested in going out. Sometimes people treat you as if you are older than you actually are because of how you look. Sometimes classmates, friends, or family make comments or tease you about the changes.” • • • • •
＂朋友关系可能发生改变。因为有时人们对不同事物在不同的时间段内产生兴趣。有些人开始＇喜欢＇别人。他们想要比＇朋友＇更进一层，更有兴趣在一起。因为你的外表，有时别人会象对待一个更成熟的人那样对待你，有时同学，朋友，或者你的家庭成员会对你的变化发表看法或者打趣你。＂
Teacher prompt: “Some cultures have traditions associated with puberty that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood. Can you give me some examples of these?”
＂列举有些文化中传统的成人礼。＂
Student: “In Judaism, a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah is celebrated at age thirteen, when a boy or girl comes of age, according to religious law, and can now participate as an adult in the religious life of the community. Many Aboriginal societies have rites of passage that signal that adolescent boys and girls are ready to take on adult roles in society.”
“犹太教的家庭，犹太男孩年至十三岁受戒。承担宗教义务。原住民中也有成人礼的仪式，表明这些少年男女已经可以承担成人的责任。”
C2.4 demonstrate an understanding of personal care needs and the application of personal hygienic practices associated with the onset of puberty (e.g., increased importance of regular bathing/showering and regular clothing changes; use of hygiene products; continuing importance of regular hygiene practices, including hand washing, oral health care, and care of prosthetic devices and residual limbs) [PS]
演示与生理发育有关的卫生习惯和用品（举例：提高洗澡和常换衣服的重要性；卫生用品的使用；卫生习惯的重要性，包括洗手，口腔保护，止汗喷雾香体用品的使用。） [个人能力]
Teacher prompt: “Why is it important to shower and change clothes more often as you approach puberty? What other things do you need to think about?”
＂为什么说发育期洗澡换衣服很重要。你能想到其他该做的事情么？＂
Student: “As our bodies change, we perspire more. We should also be aware of spreading germs, and avoid sharing hats, lip gloss, hairbrushes, drinks, or towels.”
＂因为身体变化带来大量的出汗。我们还应意识到细菌的传遍，避免共用帽子，唇彩唇膏，梳子，饮料，毛巾。＂
四年级结束。旧版里，四年级应达到的对青春期发育的要求：(新版将要求具体化了所以没有这个总体要求。其它年级也是。)
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS(1998)
By the end of Grade 4, students will:
• describe the four stages of human development (infancy, childhood, adolescence, and
adulthood) and identify the physical, interpersonal, and emotional changes appropriate
to their current stage; 描述人体成长四阶段。婴儿期，儿童期，少年期，成人期。确认这些期段的生理，人际关系和心理特征。
• identify the characteristics of healthy relationships (e.g., showing consideration of
others’ feelings by avoiding negative communication); 描述健康关系的特征（举例：避免负面交流方式用以考虑他人感受）
• identify the challenges (e.g., conflicting opinions) and responsibilities in their
relationships with family and friends. 确认挑战（对冲突的看法）和家庭关系朋友关系中应有的责任义务。
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五年级增加部分：(下面会出现人体结构和受孕过程，若引起不适感可以跳到C2.4。)
C1.3 identify the parts of the reproductive system, and describe how the body changes during puberty [PS] 生殖系统。青春发育期的身体变化［个人技能］
Teacher prompt: “Female body parts that mature and develop as a part of puberty in¬clude the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, endometrium, and clitoris. Male body parts that mature and develop during puberty include the penis (with or without the foreskin), scrotum, urethra, testicles, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and vas defer¬ens. These changes occur as people become capable of reproduction. What are some physical changes that happen during puberty?”
“成熟女性的生育系统包括阴道，子宫颈，子宫，输卵管，卵巢，子宫内膜，阴蒂。男性包括：阴茎（有或没有包皮），阴囊，尿道，睾丸，前列腺，精囊腺，输精管。随着人拥有生殖能力这些器官发生改变。什么是发育期人体生理变化。”
Student: “During puberty, girls will develop breasts and get their periods for the first time. An increase in weight and body fat is normal. Boys will become more muscular, get deeper voices, and grow facial and body hair. The penis and testicles will grow larger. Both boys and girls will grow hair under their arms, on their legs, and in their pubic area. The rate at which these changes occur will vary for each individual.”
＂女生胸部发育，初潮。体重增加是正常的。男孩变的拥有更多肌肉，音色变深沉，长胡子和体毛。阴茎睾丸变大。无论男女都将长腋毛，腿毛，阴毛。个体生长的速度不同。＂
C1.4 describe the processes of menstruation and spermatogenesis, and explain how these processes relate to reproduction and overall development
描述月经过程和精子产生过程。对生殖和全身系统的影响。
Teacher prompt: “Menstruation is the medical term for having a ‘period’ and is the monthly flow of blood from the uterus. This begins at puberty. Not all girls begin men¬struation at the same age. Generally, every month, an egg leaves one of the ovaries and travels down one of the fallopian tubes towards the uterus. In preparation, the walls of the uterus develop a lining of extra blood and tissue to act as a cushion for the egg in case fertilization occurs. When an egg is fertilized, it attaches itself to the lining of the uterus and begins to develop into a baby. If fertilization does not occur, the lining of the uterus is no longer needed and is discharged through the vagina. This is the monthly flow of blood. The whole process is called the menstrual cycle. Can you summarize its purpose?”
“月经是描述'例假'的医学名词，是每个月子宫规律性出血。它是青春期的开始。不是所有的女孩都开始在同一时间。总体上说，每个月，一个卵子由一个卵巢分泌而出，顺着输卵管到达子宫。为此身体上的准备是，子宫壁会多分泌出一层血液和组织来保护卵子受精。如果卵子受精了，受精卵会附着在子宫内层并开始分裂为胎儿。如果没受精，这层内膜就没必要存在，就被排出体外。这就形成每月的流血。整个过程被称为月经周期。你能总结一下这个过程的目的么。”
Student: “It is how the female body gets ready for pregnancy.”
＂这是女性身体为怀孕做准备。＂
Teacher: “The testicles are glands within the scrotum that produce sperm and hormones, beginning at puberty. After sperm develops in the testicles, it can travel through the epididymis until it reaches the vas deferens where it is stored until ejaculation occurs. During ejaculation, the prostate gland releases a liquid that mixes with the sperm from the vas deferens to make semen, which then leaves the body through the urethra. Fertilization can occur when the penis is in the vagina, sperm is ejaculated, and the sperm and egg connect. Babies can also be conceived by having the sperm and egg connect using assisted reproductive technologies. What is the purpose of sperm production?”
阴囊中的睾丸与腺体产生精子与激素，在青春期开始时。精子产生后，沿着附睾到达输精管，在那里储存直到射精发生。射精过程中，前列腺释放出一种液体与从输精管中来的精子混合形成精液，然后由尿道排出体外。当阴茎在阴道里射精，精子与卵子结合，受精发生。人工技术也能令这一过程发生而后成为胎儿。请说明精子产生的目的。
Student: “Sperm is needed for fertilization. When the sperm from the male and the egg from the female join together, pregnancy occurs.” 精子是受精所需要的。当精子与卵子结合时，发生受孕。
Teacher: “We’ve described what menstruation and spermatogenesis mean from a physical point of view. How do these changes affect you in other ways?” 我们从生理角度解释了月经过程和精子产生过程。它们对你有什么影响。
Student: “Not everyone experiences these changes at the same time and in the same way, so teasing people about these changes isn’t right. It can be very hurtful.” 不是所有人都在同一时间同一方式经历这些变化，所以以此取笑他人是错误的，这样做对他人伤害极大。
“In my culture and my family, becoming an adult is a cause for celebration.” 在我的文化和家庭中，成年是要庆祝的。
“We don’t talk about it in my family. What I see in the media and online is a bit confusing, so it’s good to know what these changes in my body actually mean. The more I know, the better I can take care of myself.
在我家里从不说这些。我通过媒体和网上了解但信息令我迷惑。所以我现在知道我身体内在发生着什么，是很好的事。我知道的越多，我关爱自己越多。
C2.4 describe emotional and interpersonal stresses related to puberty (e.g., questions about changing bodies and feelings, adjusting to changing relationships, crushes and more intense feelings, conflicts between personal desires and cultural teachings and practices), and identify strategies that they can apply to manage stress, build resilience, and enhance their mental health and emotional well-being (e.g., being active, writing feelings in a journal, accessing information about their concerns, taking action on a concern, talking to a trusted peer or adult, breathing deeply, meditating, seeking cultural advice from elders) [PS]
描述青春期发育带来的情绪和人际关系的压力。（对于身体和感觉变化的疑虑，关系改变的调整，强烈刺激的感受，个人期待和实践之间的冲突），确认一些缓解压力增加弹性和心理健康的策略（举例：保持活力，把感受写在日记里，对疑虑进行评估，采取行动，和信任的同学或成人倾诉，深呼吸，沉思，向年长人士寻求文化背景上的建议）［个人技能］
Teacher prompt: “Think about some things that could lead to stress for adolescents. For example, as they grow, people sometimes feel self-conscious about their bodies, but we all grow at different rates and you can’t control how fast you grow. When you think about how to respond to stress, consider what is within your control and what is not.”
＂思考那些会给青少年带来压力的事情。比如：青少年发育时，他们有时对自己的身体会产生自我意识，可我们每人的成长速度是不同的，你不能控制你长的有多快。当你在考虑如何应对压力时，考虑一下什么是你能控制的，什么是超出你控制范围的。＂
Student: “Things I can control include whether I have a positive or negative attitude about things, how I show respect for myself and others, whether I ask for help when I need it, whether I am involved in activities at school and in my community, actions I take, whether I am open to new ideas, and whether I make my own decisions about things or let myself be influenced by others. Things I cannot control include where I was born, who is in my family, how much money my family has, and personal characteristics such as my skin colour, hair colour, whether I am male or female, my gender identity, sex¬ual orientation, and overall body shape and structure. I could have a learning disability, a physical disability, or a health issue. All of these things are a part of who I am. I cannot control these things, but I can control what I do and how I act.”
“我能控制的：我对事物持有积极还是消极的看法，我如何表达我对自己和他人的尊重，在我有需求时是否该寻求帮助，我是否应参与学校或社区的某项活动，我是否应接纳新想法，我是否应自己决定某事物，还是应接受他人的影响。我不能控制的：包括我在哪里出生，谁是我家庭成员，我家有多少钱，个体特征比如头发皮肤颜色，我是男是女，我的性别，性取向，和整体身型结构。我没准会有学习障碍，体能障碍，或者健康问题。所有这些都是组成我这个人的一部分。我控制不了，但我能控制我做什么和怎么做。”
Teacher prompt: “It is normal to have stress and to have different feelings, including be¬ing happy, sad, angry, and excited at different times. Part of taking care of your mental health and emotional well-being is learning to be aware of and to monitor your own feelings. How do you know if you need help with your feelings?”
＂有压力感和不同感受，是正常的。包括感到快乐，悲伤，气愤，和在不同时间段的兴奋。我们要学习一部分如何关照你的心理健康和良好感受。你怎样意识到你该寻求情感方面的帮助了。＂
Student: “If you feel one way for a very long time – for example, if you always feel sad, anxious, or tired – that might be a sign that you need to get help to learn what is causing those feelings and what you can do about them.”
＂如果你长时期感到同一种感受，比如总感到悲哀，焦虑，或者疲惫 － 这可能是你需要外界帮助的讯号了。帮助你认识到是什么造成你有这些感受，和你能做什么。＂
Teacher prompt: “As you enter adolescence, you may begin to develop new kinds of rela-tionships and new feelings that you have not had before. Your relationships with your peers can become more stressful. Understanding how to respond to these new feelings and situations can reduce some of the stress that goes with them. For example, if you feel you ‘like someone in a special way’, what are some appropriate ways of sharing that information with someone else and what are ways that are inappropriate?”
＂进入青春期，你可能会发展出以前未曾经历过的关系和感受。你和同伴的关系可能会变的很有压力。了解到如何应对这些感受和情况会缓解你的压力感。比如，当你感到你＇特别喜欢一个人＇，什么是正确的与人分享这些信息的方式，什么是不妥当的方式。＂
Student: “You can show that you like someone by being extra nice to them, talking with them more, spending time with them, or telling them that you like them. Ways of show¬ing that you like someone that are inappropriate include touching them without their permission, spreading rumours about them to others or online, and making fun of them in order to get attention. Sharing private sexual photos or posting sexual comments online is unacceptable and also illegal.” • • • • •
“你可以用对他特别好的方式来表达你的喜爱。和他们聊更多的天，花更多的时间在一起，或者是告诉他们你喜欢他们。不妥的方式是，不经对方允许而触摸对方身体，与别人或在网上散布闲话，为了增加关注而取笑对方，给别人出示他私人照片或在网上贴关于他的性话题是不能接受的，也是不合法的。”…
五年级结束。旧版对五年级结束时的要求：
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS(1998)
By the end of Grade 5, students will:
• identify strategies to deal positively with stress and pressures that result from
relationships with family and friends; 确认那些应对压力和压抑的策略。由家庭和朋友关系而带来的压力。
• identify factors (e.g., trust, honesty, caring) that enhance healthy relationships with
friends, family, and peers; 确认些因素（信任，诚实，关照）能够增强健康的朋友家庭同伴关系。
• describe the secondary physical changes at puberty (e.g., growth of body hair, changes
in body shape); 确认第二性特征（举例：体毛变化，身型变化。）
• describe the processes of menstruation and spermatogenesis; 描述月经过程和精子产生过程。
• describe the increasing importance of personal hygiene following puberty. 描述发育时讲究卫生的重要性。
我的感想：根据五年级旧版的要求，生殖系统和受孕过程也是要求掌握的。但旧版不论哪个年级都没有具体给出提纲。我个人认为这就增加了老师的难度。新版具体化了，也就明确了老师的规范行为：你就照着这个讲就行了，不用费心思自己比喻去。
六年级是重头戏，增加内容主要是青春期心理健康和关系中的consent。明天再说，不想看我就不写了。很累。更多精彩文章及讨论，请光临枫下论坛 rolia.net
大纲全称叫 The Ontario Curriculum (Grades 1-8) Health and Physical Education. 我用的旧版是２０１０修订本。新版是２０１５修订本。前言部分就不提了。具体到每个年级，大纲分ABC三部分。A：Active Living; B: Movemnet Competence: Skills, Concepts, And Strategies; C:Healthy Living. 新大纲增加的内容集中体现在C里。旧版在C后， 还有两部分：Overall Expections and Specific Expectations,就是学生到这个年级结束时，应达到什么要求，新大纲没有这两部分。
一二年级先忽略了，有时间再说。从三年级起。我翻译的，凑合看吧。有错就指出。
三年级新版增加的内容：
C:Healthy Living这一小节里，也分一二三。C１，旧版只有C1.1 and C1.2. 新版增C1.3 and C1.4
C1.3 identify the characteristics of healthy relationships (e.g., accepting differences, being inclusive, communicating openly, listening, showing mutual respect and caring, being honest) and describe ways of overcoming challenges (e.g., bullying, exclusion, peer pressure, abuse) in a relationship [IS]
确认健康的关系所具有的特征（举例：接纳差异，包容，开阔的交流；倾听；体现出相互尊重和关怀，诚实）和描述关系中要战胜的挑战（举例：欺辱，排外；同伴压力，虐待）［人际关系能力。IS 是Interpersonal Skills的缩写］
Teacher prompt: “Consider different types of relationships – with friends, siblings, par¬ents, other adults – and think about the kinds of behaviour that help to make those relationships healthier. What can you do if you are having problems with a relationship?”
老师提示：思考一下不同的关系类型－朋友关系，兄弟姐妹，父母，和其他成年人的关系 － 并考虑一下怎样做使得这些关系更健康。如果你在关系中出现问题，你该怎样做。
Student: “I can tell the person how I’m feeling, and we can try to work something out, or if we can’t solve the problem, we can just say we disagree. We could also try to get advice from someone else.”
学生：＂我可以告诉对方我的感受。我们可以共同解决问题。如果我们不能解决，我们可以说我们不同意。我们也可以向别人寻求建议。＂
C1.4 identify factors (e.g., sleep, food, physical activity, heredity, environment, support from a caring adult, sense of belonging, peer influence) that affect physical development (e.g., of hair, skin, teeth, body size and shape) and/or emotional development (e.g., of self-awareness, adaptive skills, social skills) [PS]
一些因素（举例：睡眠，食物，身体运动，家族遗传，环境，从照顾你的成人那里得到支持，归属感，同伴影响）是影响你生理发展的（举例：头发，皮肤，牙，高矮胖瘦和身形）并且／或者影响你的情绪发展的（举例：自我意识，接纳技巧，与人交往技巧）。［个人能力。Personal Skills］
Teacher prompt: “There are factors that affect your development that you can control and other factors that you cannot control. Can you give me examples of both types of factors?”
老师提示：＂有些影响你发展的因素是你能控制的，有些是你不能控制的。列举出几个能和不能控制的因素。＂
Student: “I can’t control my heredity, which affects my body size and shape. I can’t con¬trol my family situation, or my cultural background, or where I grow up. I can usually control how often I brush my teeth, what foods I choose to eat from those that are avail¬able, how I choose my friends, and some of the activities I do.”
学生：＂我不能控制我的家族遗传给我的东西，这些因素影响我的身体尺寸和身形。我不能控制我的家庭状况，文化背景，我在哪里长大。我通常能控制的是我刷多少次牙，提供给我的食物我可以选择吃哪些，我怎么选朋友，还能选择一些喜欢的运动。＂
Teacher: “Having a sense of belonging, of being accepted and understood, is important for emotional development. How can you show acceptance or understanding of students who may be different in some way – in shape and size, ability, background, family, or the way they do things – from others around them?”
老师提示：＂归属感，被接纳被理解，这些感觉对情绪发展很重要。你怎样表达你对那些与你有差异的同学的接纳和理解，那些和你有不同身形，能力，背景，家庭出身，或者是做事方式与你有所不同的。＂
Student: “I can stand up for someone who is being teased because they are different. I could try to learn more about people who do things differently than I do – such as learning about how some people who are deaf can talk using their hands, how some people with physical disabilities move with a wheelchair, or what someone who has a different religion from mine believes in.”
学生：＂对于那些因为差异而被打趣的人，我应表示支持。我可以去了解更多的与我不同的人，他们的做事方式－比如了解聋哑人用手势交流，残疾人用轮椅，还有那些与我有不同信仰的人。＂
C3. 标题叫Making Connections for Healthy Living
旧版和新版都有C３.1 and C3.2, 新版增加C3.3 - Human Development and Sexual Health:
C3.3 describe how visible differences (e.g., skin, hair, and eye colour, facial features, body size and shape, physical aids or different physical abilities, clothing, possessions) and invisible differences (e.g., learning abilities, skills and talents, personal or cultural values and beliefs, gender identity, sexual orientation, family background, personal preferences, allergies and sensitivities) make each person unique, and identify ways of showing respect for differences in others [PS, IS]
说明那些看的出来的差异（头发，皮肤，眼睛颜色，脸部特征，身形，身体能力，衣着，财富）和看不见的差异（学习能力，技巧天赋，个人和文化价值信仰，性别确认，性取向，家庭背景，个人喜好，过敏和敏感性）是怎样使得一个人独一无二的。怎样表达你对差异的尊重。［个人能力，人际关系能力］
Teacher prompt: “Sometimes we are different in ways you can see. Sometimes we are different in ways you cannot see – such as how we learn, what we think, and what we are able to do. Give me some examples of things that make each person unique.”
老师提示：＂有时候，我们能看到差异，有时候看不到－比如我们怎样学东西，我们在想什么，我们能做什么。举出那些使得一个人独特的因素。＂
Student: “We all come from different families. Some students live with two parents. Some live with one parent. Some have two mothers or two fathers. Some live with grand¬parents or with caregivers. We may come from different cultures. We also have different talents and abilities and different things that we find difficult to do.”
学生：＂我们都来自不同的家庭。有些同学和父母双亲一起生活。有些只和单亲生活。有些同学有两个母亲或者两个父亲。有些和祖父母或者照顾者生活。我们可能来自不同的文化。我们还拥有不同的天赋和能力，还有一些差异令我们感到做事很困难。＂
Teacher: “How can you be a role model and show respect for differences in other people?”
Student: “I can include others in what I am doing, invite them to join a group, be willing to be a partner with anyone for an activity, and be willing to learn about others.”
老师：＂你怎么能够成为尊重差异的模范。＂
学生：＂在我做事情时让他们参与，邀请他们加入我的组，运动中愿意与别人成为同伴，愿意向他们学习。＂
三年级结束。
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
四年级增加部分：
C1.5
describe the physical changes that occur in males and females at puberty (e.g., growth of body hair, breast development, changes in voice and body size, production of body odour, skin changes) and the emotional and social impacts that may result from these changes [PS]
描述男性和女性发育时的生理变化（举例：体毛的出现，胸部发育，声音变化，身体尺寸，体味形成，皮肤变化）还有因这些改变而带来的情绪上和社会性影响。［个人能力］
Teacher prompt: “During puberty, the male and female bodies undergo many changes. Everyone experiences these changes at different rates and at different times. Increases in weight and body fat are normal. Sometimes it is difficult getting used to the changes that are happening so quickly. Feelings can be much more intense. What are some of the feel¬ings you might have as you start to experience changes with puberty?”
老师：＂发育期，男性和女性的身体出现很多变化。每个人经历这些变化的时间和速度都不一样。体重和脂肪的增加是正常的。如果这些变化来的特别快，有些时候是不那么容易接受的。可能出现强烈的感受。列举出一些由于发育而产生的感受。＂
Student: “Excitement, happiness, embarrassment, confusion, and fear are some of the feelings I might have. It is sometimes hard to recognize what I am feeling and why things feel different.”
学生：＂兴奋，快乐，窘迫，困惑，恐惧。有时我会很难辨别我的感受，因何感到茫然。＂
Teacher prompt: “What can change socially as you start to develop physically?”
＂生理发育带来哪些社交改变。＂
Student: “Relationships with friends can change, because sometimes people start being interested in different things at different times. Some people start ‘liking’ others. They want to be more than ‘just friends’ and become interested in going out. Sometimes people treat you as if you are older than you actually are because of how you look. Sometimes classmates, friends, or family make comments or tease you about the changes.” • • • • •
＂朋友关系可能发生改变。因为有时人们对不同事物在不同的时间段内产生兴趣。有些人开始＇喜欢＇别人。他们想要比＇朋友＇更进一层，更有兴趣在一起。因为你的外表，有时别人会象对待一个更成熟的人那样对待你，有时同学，朋友，或者你的家庭成员会对你的变化发表看法或者打趣你。＂
Teacher prompt: “Some cultures have traditions associated with puberty that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood. Can you give me some examples of these?”
＂列举有些文化中传统的成人礼。＂
Student: “In Judaism, a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah is celebrated at age thirteen, when a boy or girl comes of age, according to religious law, and can now participate as an adult in the religious life of the community. Many Aboriginal societies have rites of passage that signal that adolescent boys and girls are ready to take on adult roles in society.”
“犹太教的家庭，犹太男孩年至十三岁受戒。承担宗教义务。原住民中也有成人礼的仪式，表明这些少年男女已经可以承担成人的责任。”
C2.4 demonstrate an understanding of personal care needs and the application of personal hygienic practices associated with the onset of puberty (e.g., increased importance of regular bathing/showering and regular clothing changes; use of hygiene products; continuing importance of regular hygiene practices, including hand washing, oral health care, and care of prosthetic devices and residual limbs) [PS]
演示与生理发育有关的卫生习惯和用品（举例：提高洗澡和常换衣服的重要性；卫生用品的使用；卫生习惯的重要性，包括洗手，口腔保护，止汗喷雾香体用品的使用。） [个人能力]
Teacher prompt: “Why is it important to shower and change clothes more often as you approach puberty? What other things do you need to think about?”
＂为什么说发育期洗澡换衣服很重要。你能想到其他该做的事情么？＂
Student: “As our bodies change, we perspire more. We should also be aware of spreading germs, and avoid sharing hats, lip gloss, hairbrushes, drinks, or towels.”
＂因为身体变化带来大量的出汗。我们还应意识到细菌的传遍，避免共用帽子，唇彩唇膏，梳子，饮料，毛巾。＂
四年级结束。旧版里，四年级应达到的对青春期发育的要求：(新版将要求具体化了所以没有这个总体要求。其它年级也是。)
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS(1998)
By the end of Grade 4, students will:
• describe the four stages of human development (infancy, childhood, adolescence, and
adulthood) and identify the physical, interpersonal, and emotional changes appropriate
to their current stage; 描述人体成长四阶段。婴儿期，儿童期，少年期，成人期。确认这些期段的生理，人际关系和心理特征。
• identify the characteristics of healthy relationships (e.g., showing consideration of
others’ feelings by avoiding negative communication); 描述健康关系的特征（举例：避免负面交流方式用以考虑他人感受）
• identify the challenges (e.g., conflicting opinions) and responsibilities in their
relationships with family and friends. 确认挑战（对冲突的看法）和家庭关系朋友关系中应有的责任义务。
********************************************************************************
五年级增加部分：(下面会出现人体结构和受孕过程，若引起不适感可以跳到C2.4。)
C1.3 identify the parts of the reproductive system, and describe how the body changes during puberty [PS] 生殖系统。青春发育期的身体变化［个人技能］
Teacher prompt: “Female body parts that mature and develop as a part of puberty in¬clude the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, endometrium, and clitoris. Male body parts that mature and develop during puberty include the penis (with or without the foreskin), scrotum, urethra, testicles, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and vas defer¬ens. These changes occur as people become capable of reproduction. What are some physical changes that happen during puberty?”
“成熟女性的生育系统包括阴道，子宫颈，子宫，输卵管，卵巢，子宫内膜，阴蒂。男性包括：阴茎（有或没有包皮），阴囊，尿道，睾丸，前列腺，精囊腺，输精管。随着人拥有生殖能力这些器官发生改变。什么是发育期人体生理变化。”
Student: “During puberty, girls will develop breasts and get their periods for the first time. An increase in weight and body fat is normal. Boys will become more muscular, get deeper voices, and grow facial and body hair. The penis and testicles will grow larger. Both boys and girls will grow hair under their arms, on their legs, and in their pubic area. The rate at which these changes occur will vary for each individual.”
＂女生胸部发育，初潮。体重增加是正常的。男孩变的拥有更多肌肉，音色变深沉，长胡子和体毛。阴茎睾丸变大。无论男女都将长腋毛，腿毛，阴毛。个体生长的速度不同。＂
C1.4 describe the processes of menstruation and spermatogenesis, and explain how these processes relate to reproduction and overall development
描述月经过程和精子产生过程。对生殖和全身系统的影响。
Teacher prompt: “Menstruation is the medical term for having a ‘period’ and is the monthly flow of blood from the uterus. This begins at puberty. Not all girls begin men¬struation at the same age. Generally, every month, an egg leaves one of the ovaries and travels down one of the fallopian tubes towards the uterus. In preparation, the walls of the uterus develop a lining of extra blood and tissue to act as a cushion for the egg in case fertilization occurs. When an egg is fertilized, it attaches itself to the lining of the uterus and begins to develop into a baby. If fertilization does not occur, the lining of the uterus is no longer needed and is discharged through the vagina. This is the monthly flow of blood. The whole process is called the menstrual cycle. Can you summarize its purpose?”
“月经是描述'例假'的医学名词，是每个月子宫规律性出血。它是青春期的开始。不是所有的女孩都开始在同一时间。总体上说，每个月，一个卵子由一个卵巢分泌而出，顺着输卵管到达子宫。为此身体上的准备是，子宫壁会多分泌出一层血液和组织来保护卵子受精。如果卵子受精了，受精卵会附着在子宫内层并开始分裂为胎儿。如果没受精，这层内膜就没必要存在，就被排出体外。这就形成每月的流血。整个过程被称为月经周期。你能总结一下这个过程的目的么。”
Student: “It is how the female body gets ready for pregnancy.”
＂这是女性身体为怀孕做准备。＂
Teacher: “The testicles are glands within the scrotum that produce sperm and hormones, beginning at puberty. After sperm develops in the testicles, it can travel through the epididymis until it reaches the vas deferens where it is stored until ejaculation occurs. During ejaculation, the prostate gland releases a liquid that mixes with the sperm from the vas deferens to make semen, which then leaves the body through the urethra. Fertilization can occur when the penis is in the vagina, sperm is ejaculated, and the sperm and egg connect. Babies can also be conceived by having the sperm and egg connect using assisted reproductive technologies. What is the purpose of sperm production?”
阴囊中的睾丸与腺体产生精子与激素，在青春期开始时。精子产生后，沿着附睾到达输精管，在那里储存直到射精发生。射精过程中，前列腺释放出一种液体与从输精管中来的精子混合形成精液，然后由尿道排出体外。当阴茎在阴道里射精，精子与卵子结合，受精发生。人工技术也能令这一过程发生而后成为胎儿。请说明精子产生的目的。
Student: “Sperm is needed for fertilization. When the sperm from the male and the egg from the female join together, pregnancy occurs.” 精子是受精所需要的。当精子与卵子结合时，发生受孕。
Teacher: “We’ve described what menstruation and spermatogenesis mean from a physical point of view. How do these changes affect you in other ways?” 我们从生理角度解释了月经过程和精子产生过程。它们对你有什么影响。
Student: “Not everyone experiences these changes at the same time and in the same way, so teasing people about these changes isn’t right. It can be very hurtful.” 不是所有人都在同一时间同一方式经历这些变化，所以以此取笑他人是错误的，这样做对他人伤害极大。
“In my culture and my family, becoming an adult is a cause for celebration.” 在我的文化和家庭中，成年是要庆祝的。
“We don’t talk about it in my family. What I see in the media and online is a bit confusing, so it’s good to know what these changes in my body actually mean. The more I know, the better I can take care of myself.
在我家里从不说这些。我通过媒体和网上了解但信息令我迷惑。所以我现在知道我身体内在发生着什么，是很好的事。我知道的越多，我关爱自己越多。
C2.4 describe emotional and interpersonal stresses related to puberty (e.g., questions about changing bodies and feelings, adjusting to changing relationships, crushes and more intense feelings, conflicts between personal desires and cultural teachings and practices), and identify strategies that they can apply to manage stress, build resilience, and enhance their mental health and emotional well-being (e.g., being active, writing feelings in a journal, accessing information about their concerns, taking action on a concern, talking to a trusted peer or adult, breathing deeply, meditating, seeking cultural advice from elders) [PS]
描述青春期发育带来的情绪和人际关系的压力。（对于身体和感觉变化的疑虑，关系改变的调整，强烈刺激的感受，个人期待和实践之间的冲突），确认一些缓解压力增加弹性和心理健康的策略（举例：保持活力，把感受写在日记里，对疑虑进行评估，采取行动，和信任的同学或成人倾诉，深呼吸，沉思，向年长人士寻求文化背景上的建议）［个人技能］
Teacher prompt: “Think about some things that could lead to stress for adolescents. For example, as they grow, people sometimes feel self-conscious about their bodies, but we all grow at different rates and you can’t control how fast you grow. When you think about how to respond to stress, consider what is within your control and what is not.”
＂思考那些会给青少年带来压力的事情。比如：青少年发育时，他们有时对自己的身体会产生自我意识，可我们每人的成长速度是不同的，你不能控制你长的有多快。当你在考虑如何应对压力时，考虑一下什么是你能控制的，什么是超出你控制范围的。＂
Student: “Things I can control include whether I have a positive or negative attitude about things, how I show respect for myself and others, whether I ask for help when I need it, whether I am involved in activities at school and in my community, actions I take, whether I am open to new ideas, and whether I make my own decisions about things or let myself be influenced by others. Things I cannot control include where I was born, who is in my family, how much money my family has, and personal characteristics such as my skin colour, hair colour, whether I am male or female, my gender identity, sex¬ual orientation, and overall body shape and structure. I could have a learning disability, a physical disability, or a health issue. All of these things are a part of who I am. I cannot control these things, but I can control what I do and how I act.”
“我能控制的：我对事物持有积极还是消极的看法，我如何表达我对自己和他人的尊重，在我有需求时是否该寻求帮助，我是否应参与学校或社区的某项活动，我是否应接纳新想法，我是否应自己决定某事物，还是应接受他人的影响。我不能控制的：包括我在哪里出生，谁是我家庭成员，我家有多少钱，个体特征比如头发皮肤颜色，我是男是女，我的性别，性取向，和整体身型结构。我没准会有学习障碍，体能障碍，或者健康问题。所有这些都是组成我这个人的一部分。我控制不了，但我能控制我做什么和怎么做。”
Teacher prompt: “It is normal to have stress and to have different feelings, including be¬ing happy, sad, angry, and excited at different times. Part of taking care of your mental health and emotional well-being is learning to be aware of and to monitor your own feelings. How do you know if you need help with your feelings?”
＂有压力感和不同感受，是正常的。包括感到快乐，悲伤，气愤，和在不同时间段的兴奋。我们要学习一部分如何关照你的心理健康和良好感受。你怎样意识到你该寻求情感方面的帮助了。＂
Student: “If you feel one way for a very long time – for example, if you always feel sad, anxious, or tired – that might be a sign that you need to get help to learn what is causing those feelings and what you can do about them.”
＂如果你长时期感到同一种感受，比如总感到悲哀，焦虑，或者疲惫 － 这可能是你需要外界帮助的讯号了。帮助你认识到是什么造成你有这些感受，和你能做什么。＂
Teacher prompt: “As you enter adolescence, you may begin to develop new kinds of rela-tionships and new feelings that you have not had before. Your relationships with your peers can become more stressful. Understanding how to respond to these new feelings and situations can reduce some of the stress that goes with them. For example, if you feel you ‘like someone in a special way’, what are some appropriate ways of sharing that information with someone else and what are ways that are inappropriate?”
＂进入青春期，你可能会发展出以前未曾经历过的关系和感受。你和同伴的关系可能会变的很有压力。了解到如何应对这些感受和情况会缓解你的压力感。比如，当你感到你＇特别喜欢一个人＇，什么是正确的与人分享这些信息的方式，什么是不妥当的方式。＂
Student: “You can show that you like someone by being extra nice to them, talking with them more, spending time with them, or telling them that you like them. Ways of show¬ing that you like someone that are inappropriate include touching them without their permission, spreading rumours about them to others or online, and making fun of them in order to get attention. Sharing private sexual photos or posting sexual comments online is unacceptable and also illegal.” • • • • •
“你可以用对他特别好的方式来表达你的喜爱。和他们聊更多的天，花更多的时间在一起，或者是告诉他们你喜欢他们。不妥的方式是，不经对方允许而触摸对方身体，与别人或在网上散布闲话，为了增加关注而取笑对方，给别人出示他私人照片或在网上贴关于他的性话题是不能接受的，也是不合法的。”…
五年级结束。旧版对五年级结束时的要求：
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS(1998)
By the end of Grade 5, students will:
• identify strategies to deal positively with stress and pressures that result from
relationships with family and friends; 确认那些应对压力和压抑的策略。由家庭和朋友关系而带来的压力。
• identify factors (e.g., trust, honesty, caring) that enhance healthy relationships with
friends, family, and peers; 确认些因素（信任，诚实，关照）能够增强健康的朋友家庭同伴关系。
• describe the secondary physical changes at puberty (e.g., growth of body hair, changes
in body shape); 确认第二性特征（举例：体毛变化，身型变化。）
• describe the processes of menstruation and spermatogenesis; 描述月经过程和精子产生过程。
• describe the increasing importance of personal hygiene following puberty. 描述发育时讲究卫生的重要性。
我的感想：根据五年级旧版的要求，生殖系统和受孕过程也是要求掌握的。但旧版不论哪个年级都没有具体给出提纲。我个人认为这就增加了老师的难度。新版具体化了，也就明确了老师的规范行为：你就照着这个讲就行了，不用费心思自己比喻去。
六年级是重头戏，增加内容主要是青春期心理健康和关系中的consent。明天再说，不想看我就不写了。很累。更多精彩文章及讨论，请光临枫下论坛 rolia.net